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Saturday 25 March 2023

Make Money with Online Translation in Nigeria 2023 (25000 Naira Per Day)

Make Money with Online Translation in Nigeria 2023 (25000 Naira Per Day)

Looking to make money from the comfort of your home using your language skills? Check out our blog to discover how you can earn up to 25,000 Naira per day as an online translator in Nigeria in 2023. Learn about the types of assignments available, how to find clients, and the secrets to a successful career in online translation.

Know more on how to get money online
Introduction to Online Translation Jobs

Do you have a talent for languages and want to earn money from home? Online translation jobs are a great option for you! You can work remotely and make a living with your language skills.

Finding Online Translation Jobs

Platforms like Gengo and Upwork are great places to find online translation jobs. You can proactively approach clients and advertise your translation services to them.

Types of Online Translation Assignments

There are many types of assignments available for online translators in Nigeria. You can translate websites, contracts, travel guides, books, and more.

How Much Money Can You Make?

The pay you receive as an online translator in Nigeria depends on your expertise, language proficiency, and job type. You can earn a decent income with online translation jobs.

To make a successful career as an online translator in Nigeria in 2023, you need to have excellent language skills, be familiar with translation software, and market yourself effectively. You should also be responsive and deliver high-quality work on time.

How much money can you make with online translation?

You can translate several things online. Think of translating a manuscript for a book, web texts, blogs, articles, e-mails or even a business plan.

To put a price tag on working as an online translator is not that difficult. Most online translators charge a rate per word plus the start-up costs.

Discounts are often given when it comes to recurring assignments such as articles on a website that are constantly updated (< correct spelling?). In any case, you will have to translate qualitatively, otherwise you will soon be out.

A translator earns between $0.08 and $0.12 cents per word (36 to 54 Naira). That may not seem like much, but that of course depends entirely on the assignment. With a blog it will be about 100 dollar (45,000 Nigerian Naira). But when you can translate an entire book, we are talking about several thousand dollars. After all, the average novel is 55,000 words, which is quite a job!

An online translator thus earns about 50 dollars (22,000 Naira) per hour. Although you can of course also ask for more based on your quality and experience. But before that, you will first have to find assignments and that is sometimes a ‘hell of a job’ in itself.

How do you get jobs as an online translator?

Earning money with online translation starts with finding clients. You will have to look for companies that want to have books, web texts and articles translated. Or you have to make sure those people find you . But the latter probably only happens when you’ve been around for a while and have some customers left and right spreading your name.

Before starting your career as an online translator, you will therefore have to focus in particular on actively recruiting customers or promoting yourself on a platform. Below I discuss some ways to do this.

1. Platform Gengo for online translation assignments

One of the platforms to find clients for online translation is Gengo. You will be paid per translation you make. You must first be approved. It is important to them that your translations are of high quality so that they know that they are of value to the company. Interestingly, certain languages ​​on this platform are much more profitable than others. For example, Chinese, Japanese, English and French are the highest paid. Most assignments can also be found for those who master two of those languages.

2. Platform Upwork for online translation jobs

In principle, Upwork is a much broader platform for freelancers where you can find much more than just translation jobs. Many jobs are posted on the platform. So you will occasionally see a translation assignment that you can respond to. Keep in mind that a translation portfolio can help you a lot. Often several parties respond to an assignment and then you have to stand out a bit. The useful thing about Upwork is that you can see in advance what a translation job will yield for you.

3. Approach companies yourself for assignments in online translation

If you prefer to decide for yourself who you translate for and want to earn more money with online translation, it can be a good idea to approach companies yourself. That way you can calculate your own rates.

For example, think of a website that you came to but that was full of spelling errors or wrong translations. Then approach that company with an acquisition email and explain how you can help. You won’t be the first to get customers this way ;).

4. Be visible and approach your network

For almost all services that I offer myself, I always check my network first, and this also applies to online translation assignments.

So make sure it is visible that you translate online by creating a website with your portfolio on it. Think of it as your online profile. Tell it to people you meet and before you know it the ball will start rolling. The more people know, the more likely someone will think of you when they come across a translation job. Network = gold.

5. Teach online

Of course you don’t necessarily have to translate texts if you have a knack for languages. You could also choose to teach English to people who want to learn this language. There are many digital nomads who earn their money that way. They teach online to students in Nigeria and China.

6. Find translation jobs on one of the many websites

Actually, there are countless websites where you can find translation jobs. That’s why I thought, you might find it useful if I list them for you. Hereby ;). Translation jobs can be found here: Appen, Language Line, Verbalizelt, TextMaster, Cyracom, Language Service Associates, Lionbridge, Transparent Language, World Lingo, Pacific Interpreters, Verbal Ink, Rev and Pactera. Many of these websites offer more than just translation jobs. So sometimes it takes a while to find a suitable assignment.

The big disadvantage of translating via the internet

With the rise of artificial intelligence (Chat GPT etc.) and its development in 2023, the future of online translation is somewhat uncertain. The correct translation of texts is becoming increasingly possible for computers. This process is very fast, especially with the more widely spoken languages.

As an online translator you will therefore have to deliver quality work to make the difference with the translation from a computer and make that difference clear to your customers. For those who do their job well, it is one of the ways to earn money independently of location. But that is not for everyone.


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Sunday 19 March 2023

What is Burukutu

Sorghum-based alcoholic beverage, Burukutu.
From:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4237490/#b30

Abstract

The redox status of male rat liver following 28 days consumption of Burukutu was investigated. Twenty rats were randomized into four groups with five rats each. Burukutu consumption at 0.78 g/kg alcohol produced no significant change in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). However, 3.71 and 7.43 g/kg dosages resulted in significant decrease in the activities of ALP, ALT and AST with corresponding increase in serum. The activity of cytochrome P450(CYP 2E1) increased significantly in the liver of rats following consumption of Burukutu at all doses investigated. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in rats treat with 0.78 g/kg, 3.41 and 7.43 g/kg Burukutu. There was a significant increase in the level of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) with reduction in the levels of glutathione reduced (GSH) and GSH:GSSG. The levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl and percentage DNA fragmentation, increased significantly (P < 0.05). It is evident from the alterations in the activities of the hepatocellular enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers that Burukutu mediated its toxicity through the depletion of the antioxidant enzymes.

Keywords: Burukutu, DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, redox status, sorghum-based beer

Introduction

Alcohol consumption is a central feature of adult (i.e., age 18 and older) life in Nigeria and plays a major role in social, religious, political, and economic relationships (Oshodin, 1995). Alcoholic beverages are consumed at virtually all ceremonies, including festivals, weddings, and funerals (Oshodin, 1995). Its consumption is a common practice in both rural and urban societies in Nigeria. Chronic alcohol consumption represents a major risk factor for the development of liver fibrosis, alcohol liver diseases (ALD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Hassan et al. 2002; Morgan et al. 2004; Pari and Karthikesan 2007). Alcohol-dependent induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) leads to formation of acetaldehyde (Purohit et al. 2009). CYP2E1-dependent alcohol metabolism leads to increased hepatic oxidative stress due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyethyl radicals (McKillop and Schrum 2009). Studies have linked generation of ROS to ALD and HCC in many animals (Dupont et al. 1998; Gouillon et al. 2000; Morgan et al. 2002; Bradford et al. 2005). In Nigeria, due to poverty, locally brewed alcohol such as burukutu is widely consumed.

Burukutu is a popular alcoholic beverage of a vinegar-like flavour prepared from sorghum grains (Kolawole et al., 2007). It is widely consumed as food (because it is thick and heavy) in the rural areas of northern Nigeria and in poor urban neighborhoods because it is more affordable than commercially brewed beer. The percentage alcohol content of Burukutu is between 3-6% (Bennett et al., 1998). Burukutu has been reported to contain vitamins, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, calcium, 26.7 g starch, and 5.9 g of protein per liter (Egemba and Etuk, 2007).

Despite arrays of studies done on the toxicological implications of alcohol, there is dearth information on the toxicological implication of Burukutu. This study thus investigates the effect of Burukutu consumption on the redox status of liver and some biomarkers of oxidative stress in rats.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Experimental animal 

Two-month old, healthy male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of Wistar strain, weighing 183 ± 2.01 g were obtained from the Animal House of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. They were kept in clean plastic cages contained in well-ventilated house conditions with free access to feeds (Capfeed Ltd., Osogbo, Nigeria) and tap water. The animals were used according to the Guidelines of National Research Council Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 2011) and in accordance with the principles of Good Laboratory Procedure (GLP) [World Health Organization (WHO), 1998].

Chemicals and assay kits 

Diphenylamine 5,5′-Dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), guanidine hydrochloride, N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM), and salicylic acid, were procured from Research Organics, Cleveland, OH. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-red) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Glc-6-PD) were products of Randox Laboratories Ltd., Co. Antrim, United Kingdom. All other reagents used were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO.

Methods

Preparation of laboratory brewed Burukutu 

Burukutu was prepared using the procedures described by Faparusi et al. (2007).

Animal treatment 

Twenty (20) male rats were completely randomized into four groups (A–D) of five (5) animals each. Alcohol dosages of 0.78, 3.71 and 7.43 g/kg, which is equivalent to that consumed by light, moderate, and heavy drinkers was used in this study. Rats in groups B, C, and D were orally administered with Burukutu containing 0.78, 3.71, and 7.43 g/kg of alcohol, respectively, daily for 28 days. Group A, which served as the control was treated like the test groups except that the animals received distilled water. The animals were allowed free access to rat pellets and tap water. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after 28 days treatment.

Preparation of serum and tissue homogenates 

The procedure described by Yakubu et al. (2009) and Ajiboye et al. (2014) was employed for the preparation of serum and tissue supernatants respectively.

Biochemical assay 

The activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine, and aspartate aminotransferases (AST) were determined as described by Wright et al. (1972) and Bergmeyer et al. (1986a,b), respectively. The activity of CYP2E1 was determined according to the procedure described by Dicker et al. (1990) SOD, Catalase, GSH-Px, GSH-red, and Glc 6-PD activities were assayed according to the procedures described by Beers and Sizer (1952) Mavis and Stellwagen (1968), Misra and Fridovich (1972), Rotruck et al. (1973), and DeMoss (1955), respectively. Levels of glutathione reduced and oxidized were assayed as described by Ellman (1959), and Hissin and Hilf (1976), respectively. The concentration of protein carbonyl in the liver homogenates was determined according to the procedure described by Levine et al. (1990). The concentrations of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, and malondialdehyde were assessed according to the procedure described by Bus et al. (2001). The quantity of fragmented DNA was quantified according to the procedure described by Burton (1956).

Statistical analysis

Results were expressed as the mean of five determinations ± SD. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey–Kramer test for differences between means was used to detect any significant differences (P < 0.05) between the treatment groups in this study using StatPlus, 2011 (AnalystSoft Inc., Alexandria, VA).

Result and Discussion

Chronic alcohol consumption has been reported to increase the CYP2E1 activity in the liver, resulting in increased ROS formation and eventually oxidative stress (Lu and Cederbaum 2008; McKillop and Schrum 2009). Although, 0.78 g/kg bodyweight of Burukutu produced no significant change (P > 0.05) in the activities of liver CYP2E1, 3.11 and 7.43 g/kg body weight produced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the enzyme activities (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). This increase may enhance ROS generation (superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyethyl radicals), which could lead to lipid peroxidation, oxidative protein damage, and DNA oxidation (Gouillon et al. 2000; Morgan et al. 2002; Bradford et al. 2005).

Figure 1
Specific activities of cytochrome P450 (2E1) in the liver of Burukutu-treated rats.

ALP, ALT, and AST are useful biomarkers of hepatic injury. Although, 0.78 g/kg bodyweight of Burukutu produced no significant (P > 0.05) change in the activities of ALP, ALT, and AST in the liver of male rats, these activities decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with corresponding increase in the serum following the administration of 3.11 and 7.43 g/kg body weight of Burukutu (Table ​(Table1).1). The alteration in ALP indicates plasma membrane labilization (Akanji et al. 1993). Also, alterations in ALT (cytosolic enzyme) and AST (mitochondrial enzymes) confirm that the plasma membrane integrity has been compromised, making the extracellular medium accessible by the cellular components such as ALT and AST.

Table 1
Specific activities of hepatocellular marker enzymes in rats following 28 days oral consumption of Burukutu, a sorghum-based alcoholic beverage.

ROS production and oxidative stress is central to alcohol liver disease (Sergent et al. 2001; Das and Vasudevan 2007). During this condition, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH-Red) defense arsenal are sometimes overwhelmed (Ajiboye 2010). The activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH-Red, Glc 6-PD significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the liver of rats treated with Burukutu in a dose-dependent manner (Table ​(Table2).2). At the end of 28 days treatment, the highest dose of Burukutu used in this study produced 3.0 2.2, 2.9, 2.8, and 2.7 folds decrease in the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GSH-Red, and Glc 6-PD, respectively. This decrease could predispose cellular macromolecules to oxidative rout of superoxide ion, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. Koch et al. (2004) reported a similar decrease in the activity of SOD following the repeated administration of ethanol.

Table 2
Specific activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver of rats following 28 days oral consumption of Burukutu, a sorghum-based alcoholic beverage.

Nonenzymatic antioxidant system such as glutathione reduced (GSH) complements of the enzymatic antioxidants in the oxidative stress condition by acting as a free radical scavenger as well as modulating the functionality of the enzymes in vivo (Ajiboye et al. 2010). GSH homeostasis contributes to the toxic action of ethanol on the liver (Wu and Cederbaum 2005). Treatment of rats with Burukutu at all doses investigated resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the levels of GSH and GSH:GSSG, and a significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the level of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) when compared to the control (Table ​(Table3).3). The significant loss of GSH might have resulted in the significant increase in GSSG. The decrease in GSH and increase in GSSG could lead to elevated mitochondrial levels of hydrogen peroxide and eventually hydroxyl radicals, which in turn may lead to lipid, protein, and DNA adduct formation, rendering the liver vulnerable to carcinogenesis (Purohit et al. 2013).Taylor et al. (2003) reported similar increases in the formation of GSSG and protein glutathionylation following the loss of GSH.

Table 3
Levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants in the liver of rats following 28 days oral consumption of Burukutu, a sorghum-based alcoholic beverage.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of lipid peroxidation in alcohol-mediated toxicity (Shaw et al. 1988; Puddey and Croft 1997; Meagher et al. 1999). The levels of lipid peroxidation products; conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides, and malonidialdehyde (Table ​(Table4)4) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in the liver of rats treated with Burukutu in all the doses investigated (Table ​(Table4).4). These elevations indicate toxicity and oxidative stress.

Table 4
Levels of lipid peroxidation products in the liver of rats following 28 days oral consumption of Burukutu, a sorghum-based alcoholic beverage.

Oxidative damage to cellular protein is one of the deleterious outcomes of chronic ethanol consumption (Abraham et al. 2002). Also, acute and chronic alcohol exposure has been shown to damage DNA in a variety of systems, cells, and species, including humans (Wu and Cederbaum 2003). The level of protein carbonyl increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the liver of Burukutu-treated rats (Table ​(Table5).5). In a similar vein, there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the fragmented DNA in the liver of rats treated with Burukutu (Table ​(Table5).5). This could lead to irreversible loss of protein function and play a role in experimental ALD (Fataccioli et al. 1999). The significant increase in the percentage of fragmented DNA in Burukutu-treated indicates genotoxicity.

Table 5
Levels of protein carbonyl and fragmented DNA in the liver of rats following 28 days oral consumption of Burukutu, a sorghum-based alcoholic beverage.

Conclusion

Findings from this study show that sorghum-based alcoholic beverage, Burukutu, perturbed redox status of rats. This could have resulted from the appreciable amount of alcohol in the beverage, whose metabolism results in the generation of ROS that causes oxidative perturbation of cellular macromolecules. Thus indiscriminate consumption of the beverage should be avoided as it could cause detrimental effect on health and well-being.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

Article information

Food Sci Nutr. 2014 Sep; 2(5): 591–596.
Published online 2014 Jul 22. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.139
PMCID: PMC4237490
PMID: 25473518
Taofeek O Ajiboye,1 Ganiyat A Iliasu,2 Oluwayemisi B Ojewuyi,1 Azeemat T Abdulazeez,1 Aisha O Muhammed,3 and Fausat L Kolawole4
1Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Functional Foods and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
2Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Nutrition Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria
3Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
4Department of Home Economics and Food Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Taofeek O. Ajiboye, Antioxidants, Free Radicals, Functional Foods and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria. Tel: +2348035844608; Email: moc.oohay@gnoyeyobija
Funding Information No funding information provided.
Received 2014 Jan 29; Revised 2014 May 15; Accepted 2014 May 19.
Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Articles from Food Science & Nutrition are provided here courtesy of Wiley-Blackwell

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Tuesday 14 March 2023

Tiv Soup

How to Make Tiv Soup:
 Ikyegh Sha Shwa
Ingedients
½  Cup Ishwa
Pepper to taste
1medium Onion
2 tablespoons of Nune
1 tsp of Gbaaye
1 whole chicken
Salt to taste
2 Cubes of Seasoning like Maggi or Norr
2 Tablespoons of Palm Oil

Step one: Get your Ishwa cleaned - Rinse in cold water and spread out thin to dry. Then roast in a pan, careful not to let it burn though.

Step two: When ishwa has cooled down, blend the ishwa in the dry mill of your blender and get it as fine as you can till it starts to bring out oil.

Step three: Blend or grind the Pepper, half onion and  Nune .

Step four:  Cut your chicken into desired size pieces. Boil your chicken for 10 minutes with half the onions, salt and seasoning cubes.  If you are using soft American chicken then skip this step all together.  (You can roast your chicken over an open fire for 5 minutes before cutting it, if you like the smoky smell)

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Step five:  Put your pepper mix and meat stock (without the ishwa) and bring to a boil. Put in the palm oil then  lastly add your ishwa. Let it cook for about 20 minutes then add your chicken and simmer until everything is well cooked.

PS
If using soft chicken allow the ishwa to cook well before adding your chicken  so that the meat does not fall apart in the soup.
Ishwa thickens and swells so check to be sure your paste isn't too thick , add water if it is too thick.  It should not be chuncky when you scoop it. 
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